Severe COVID-19 and long COVID are associated with high expression of STING, cGAS and IFN-α.

The cGAS-STING pathway appears to contribute to dysregulated inflammation during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, inflammatory factors related to long COVID are still being investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the association of cGAS and STING gene expression levels and plasma IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-6 levels with COVID-19 severity in acute infection and long COVID, based on analysis of blood samples from 148 individuals, 87 with acute COVID-19 and 61 in the post-COVID-19 period. Quantification of gene expression was performed by real-time PCR, and cytokine levels were quantified by ELISA and flow cytometry. In acute COVID-19, cGAS, STING, IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were higher in patients with severe disease than in those with nonsevere manifestations (p < 0.05). Long COVID was associated with elevated cGAS, STING and IFN-α levels (p < 0.05). Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway may contribute to an intense systemic inflammatory state in severe COVID-19 and, after infection resolution, induce an autoinflammatory disease in some tissues, resulting in long COVID.

Association of Polymorphisms of IL-6 Pathway Genes (IL6, IL6R and IL6ST) with COVID-19 Severity in an Amazonian Population.

Interleukin-6 has been recognized as a major role player in COVID-19 severity, being an important regulator of the cytokine storm. Hence, the evaluation of the influence of polymorphisms in key genes of the IL-6 pathway, namely IL6, IL6R, and IL6ST, may provide valuable prognostic/predictive markers for COVID-19. The present cross-sectional study genotyped three SNPs (rs1800795, rs2228145, and rs7730934) at IL6. IL6R and IL6ST genes, respectively, in 227 COVID-19 patients (132 hospitalized and 95 non-hospitalized). Genotype frequencies were compared between these groups. As a control group, published data on gene and genotype frequencies were gathered from published studies before the pandemic started. Our major results point to an association of the IL6 C allele with COVID-19 severity. Moreover, IL-6 plasmatic levels were higher among IL6 CC genotype carriers. Additionally, the frequency of symptoms was higher at IL6 CC and IL6R CC genotypes. In conclusion, the data suggest an important role of IL6 C allele and IL6R CC genotype on COVID-19 severity, in agreement with indirect evidence from the literature about the association of these genotypes with mortality rates, pneumonia, and heightening of protein plasmatic levels pro-inflammatory driven effects.

Imbalance of Peripheral Temperature, Sympathovagal, and Cytokine Profile in Long COVID.

A persistent state of inflammation has been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess short-term heart rate variability (HRV), peripheral body temperature, and serum cytokine levels in patients with long COVID. We evaluated 202 patients with long COVID symptoms categorized them according to the duration of their COVID symptoms (≤120 days, n = 81; >120 days, n = 121), in addition to 95 healthy individuals selected as controls. All HRV variables differed significantly between the control group and patients with long COVID in the ≤120 days group (p < 0.05), and participants in the long COVID ≤120 days group had higher temperatures than those in the long COVID >120 days group in all regions analysed (p < 0.05). Cytokine analysis showed higher levels of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), and lower levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) (p < 0.05). Our results suggest a reduction in parasympathetic activation during long COVID and an increase in body temperature due to possible endothelial damage caused by the maintenance of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, high serum levels of IL-17 and IL-2 and low levels of IL-4 appear to constitute a long-term profile of COVID-19 cytokines, and these markers are potential targets for long COVID-treatment and prevention strategies.

Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Patients with Different COVID-19 Clinical Profiles.

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Brazil was diagnosed on February 26, 2020. Due to the important epidemiological impact of COVID-19, the present study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses to the S1, S2 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. This study enrolled 136 individuals who were diagnosed with or without COVID-19 based on clinical findings and laboratory results and classified as asymptomatic or as having mild, moderate or severe disease. Data collection was performed through a semistructured questionnaire to obtain demographic information and main clinical manifestations. IgG antibody responses to the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike (S) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The results showed that among the participants, 87.5% (119/136) exhibited IgG responses to the S1 subunit and 88.25% (120/136) to N. Conversely, only 14.44% of the subjects (21/136) displayed S2 subunit responses. When analyzing the IgG antibody response while considering the different proteins of the virus, patients with severe disease had significantly higher antibody responses to N and S1 than asymptomatic individuals (p ≤ 0.0001), whereas most of the participants had low antibody titers against the S2 subunit. In addition, individuals with long COVID-19 showed a greater IgG response profile than those with symptomatology of a short duration. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that levels of IgG antibodies may be related to the clinical evolution of COVID-19, with high levels of IgG antibodies against S1 and N in severe cases and in individuals with long COVID-19.

Phylogeny of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera:Culicidae) based on the antimicrobial peptide genes cecropin and defensin.

Cecropins and defensins are the main classes of antimicrobial peptides in the mosquito innate immune system, acting against bacteria, fungi and protozoa. There is a knowledge gap concerning these peptide genes in anopheline mosquitoes from the Brazilian Amazon. Thus, this work aimed to describe molecular techniques for detecting the genes encoding the antimicrobial peptides cecropin A (CecA) and defensin in Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes and to perform molecular phylogeny of the sequenced genes using the maximum likelihood method and Bayesian inference with other species from different geographic areas. Our results show, for the first time, a molecular biology method for detecting CecA and defensin in Anopheles darlingi that allows for the use of these molecular markers for phylogenetic analysis in anopheline species, separating the species into single and monophyletic clades.

Predictive immunogenetic markers in COVID-19.

Immunorelevant genes are among the most probable modulators of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression and prognosis. However, in the few months of the pandemic, data generated on host genetics has been scarce. The present study retrieved data sets of HLA-B alleles, KIR genes and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokines related to COVID-19 cytokine storm from two publicly available databases: Allele Frequency Net Database and Ensembl, and correlated these frequency data with Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and Daily Death Rates (DDR) across countries. Correlations of eight HLA-B alleles and polymorphisms in three cytokine genes (IL6, IL10, and IL12B) were observed and were mainly associated with DDR. Additionally, HLA-B correlations suggest that differences in allele affinities to SARS-CoV-2 peptides are also associated with DDR. These results may provide rationale for future host genetic marker surveys on COVID-19.

MicroRNA layer of MHC in infectious diseases.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) harbors key genes of the immune response that are likely useful as biomarkers for infectious diseases. However, little is known about their microRNAs and what role they play in infections. The present study aimed to describe the miRNA genes in the MHC (MHC-miRNA), their variability and associations with infectious diseases. Additionally, MHC-miRNA host and target genes were also evaluated in associations with infectious diseases. Surveys in several databases and literature reviews identified 48 MHC-miRNA genes, with high SNP and CNV variability able to disrupt MHC-miRNA expression and putatively under selective pressure. Eight MHC-miRNAs were found inside or close regions of classical MHC rearrangements (RCCX and DRB genome organization). The proportion of MHC-miRNAs associated with infections (23%) was higher than the proportion found for the 1917 hsa-miRNA (4%). Additionally, 35 MHC-miRNAs (57%) have at least one of their target genes associated with infectious diseases, while all nine MHC-miRNA whose host genes were associated with infections have also their target genes associated with infections, being host and target genes of five MHC-miRNAs reported to be associated with the same diseases. This finding may reflect a concerted miRNA-mediated immune response mechanism triggered by infection.

Polymorphism of DC-SIGN (CD209) promoter in association with clinical symptoms of dengue fever.

C-type lectin DC-SIGN receptor, encoded by CD209, plays a key role in the infection of dendritic cells by dengue virus (DENV). Because the -336A/G SNP (rs4804803) polymorphism in the promoter of CD209 modulates DC-SIGN expression, we investigated the putative association of this polymorphism with DENV infection and its pathogenesis. A control sample of 72 individuals, rigorously selected through a clinical investigation for absence of past dengue fever (DF) was compared to a sample of 168 patients (156 classical DF; 12 dengue hemorrhagic fever), all residents from Pará, Brazil. However, the prevalence of symptoms showed a trend higher in the AA genotype (Wilcoxon test; Z=2.02; p=0.04). Hence, our findings indicate that the G allele downregulates the spectrum of symptoms during the early acute phase of DENV infection, putatively decreasing the viremia, as suggested in the literature.

Taxas de incidência em mulheres com aids no Pará entre os anos 1999 a 2009 e suas relações com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica / Incidence rates of aids in women of Pará (Brasil) between 1999 and 2009 and their relation with age, demographic density and populational mobility

Objetivo: este estudo objetivou o seguinte: 1) avaliar a taxa de incidência em mulheres comAIDS no Estado do Pará e no Brasil entre os anos de 1999 a 2009; 2) avaliar no Estado do Pará,se há relação da taxa de incidência com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica.Método:1) avaliou-se a taxa de incidência em mulheres com AIDS no Estado do Pará duranteos anos de 1999 a 2009, comparando-as com as taxas brasileiras, de acordo com faixas etárias;2) correlacionou-se a taxa de incidência no Estado com a densidade demográfica, taxa demobilidade populacional e faixa etária. Resultados: as taxas de incidência no Pará forammenores que as do Brasil e revelaram tendência de crescimento ao longo doas anos, enquantoque as taxas de incidência no Brasil permaneceram estáveis durante os últimos sete anos. O picomodal da incidência no Pará foi entre 30 a 39 anos, menor do que o pico modal nacional (40 a49 anos). Além do mais, as taxas de incidência não se correlacionaram com a densidadedemográfica, porém correlacionaram-se com a mobilidade populacional. As mais elevadas taxasde incidência foram encontradas nas regiões Sudeste, Sudoeste e Baixo Amazonas,provavelmente, devido à maior taxa de mobilidade que estas regiões apresentam. Conclusão: asmulheres com faixas etárias mais avançadas são merecedoras em especial de campanhas deprevenção e diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS, visto que a taxa de incidência em mulheres nesta faixaetária tende ao crescimento ao longo dos anos

Objective: the present study aimed to i) evaluate the incidence rate of AIDS in women in theState of Pará and in Brazil in years 1999 to 2009, ii) evaluate in the State of Pará if theincidence rate is related to demographic density, mobility rate and age. Methodology: this studyi) evaluated the incidence rate of AIDS in women in the State of Pará in years 1999-2009,comparing it with the Brazilian rates, according to age; ii) correlated the incidence rate in Paráwith demographic density, mobility rate and age. Results: the incidence rates in Pará werelower than the Brazilian ones and showed a trend to increase with the time, while the Brazilianincidence rates remained stable over the last seven years. The modal peak of incidence in Paráwas between 30 and 39 years, lower than the national modal peak (40 to 49 years). Moreover,the incidence rates did not correlate with demographic density but correlated with populationalmobility. The highest incidence rates were observed in Southeast, Southwest and BaixoAmazonas Mesoregions, probably due to their higher populational mobility. Conclusion:advanced aged women deserve more intensive prevention programs and HIV/AIDS diagnostic,since the incidence rate in these women tends to increase over the years

Descriptive study of HTLV infection in a population of pregnant women from the state of Pará, Northern Brazil / Estudo descritivo da infecção pelo HTLV em uma população de gestantes do Estado do Pará, norte do Brasil

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. METHODS: 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers. RESULTS: HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, estudos mostram que a soroprevalência do HTLV entre gestantes varia de 0 a 1,8%. Contudo, esta soroprevalência era desconhecida no Estado do Pará, Brasil. O presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, a soroprevalência do HTLV entre gestantes do Estado do Pará, Norte do Brasil. MÉTODOS: 13,382 gestantes foram submetidas à triagem para HTLV durante o pré-natal, e aquelas com sorologia alterada para anti-HTLV foram submetidas ao teste de Western Blot (WB), para confirmar e discriminar portadoras do HTLV-1 e do HTLV-2. RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência do HTLV na população de gestantes foi de 0,3%, sendo o HTLV-1 identificado em 95,3% das pacientes. O perfil demográfico das portadoras do HTLV foi de: mulheres com idade entre 20-40 anos (78,4%); residentes na região metropolitana de Belém (67,6%) e com nível educacional igual ao ensino médio (56,8%). Outras variáveis relacionadas à infecção foram: início das relações sexuais compreendido entre 12-18 anos (64,9%), e ter sido aleitada mais de 6 meses (51,4%). A maior parte das mulheres estudadas teve ao menos duas gestações anteriores (35,1%); e nenhum aborto (70,3%). Co-infecções (sífilis e HIV) foram descritas em 10,8% (4/37) das gestantes. A soroprevalência da infecção pelo HTLV em gestantes atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Estado do Pará, Norte do Brasil foi de 0,3% semelhante à descrita em outros estudos brasileiros. As variáveis relacionadas com a infecção são indicadores importantes na identificação de gestantes com maior tendência a soropositividade pelo HTLV, sendo uma estratégia de controle e prevenção, evitando a transmissão vertical.

Descriptive study of HTLV infection in a population of pregnant women from the state of Pará, Northern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. METHODS: 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers. RESULTS: HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.

ß-Globin polymorphisms in Amerindian populations from the Brazilian Amazon.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation was performed to examine genetic variation at the ß-globin locus in a sample of 30 healthy individuals from native populations in South America. The patterns of haplotypic variation were compared with those of previous studies including samples for various worldwide populations in an attempt to make inferences about the occupation of the Americas from a deeper temporal perspective than is typically available with haploid markers. METHODS: A 2.67-kb segment containing the ß-globin gene and its flanking regions was examined for genetic variation in a sample of 60 chromosomes from native populations in South America. The fragment was PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. To determine linkage relationships in compound heterozygotes, we used the amplification refractory mutation system. In addition, we assessed genetic variability and differentiation among populations, and we performed tests of selective neutrality. These analyses were performed for Brazilian Amerindian group and other worldwide populations previously studied. RESULTS: Eleven polymorphic sites were found in the studied fragment, which distinguished eight different haplotypes, three recombinants haplotypes (present as single copies) and five previously described haplotypes, including some of those most highly differentiated. Genetic variation found in the pooled sample is substantial. CONCLUSIONS: Although only five known haplotypes are observed in Amazonia, some of these are highly divergent, resulting in patterns of molecular polymorphism equal to or higher than those from other world regions.

Genetic relationships among native americans based on beta-globin gene cluster haplotype frequencies

The distribution of b-globin gene haplotypes was studied in 209 Amerindians from eight tribes of the Brazilian Amazon: Asurini from Xingú, Awá-Guajá, Parakanä, Urubú-Kaapór, Zoé, Kayapó (Xikrin from the Bacajá village), Katuena, and Tiriyó. Nine different haplotypes were found, two of which (n. 11 and 13) had not been previously identified in Brazilian indigenous populations. Haplotype 2 (+ - - - -) was the most common in all groups studied, with frequencies varying from 70 percent to 100 percent, followed by haplotype 6 (- + + - +), with frequencies between 7 percent and 18 percent. The frequency distribution of the b-globin gene haplotypes in the eighteen Brazilian Amerindian populations studied to date is characterized by a reduced number of haplotypes (average of 3.5) and low levels of heterozygosity and intrapopulational differentiation, with a single clearly predominant haplotype in most tribes (haplotype 2). The Parakanä, Urubú-Kaapór, Tiriyó and Xavante tribes constitute exceptions, presenting at least four haplotypes with relatively high frequencies. The closest genetic relationships were observed between the Brazilian and the Colombian Amerindians (Wayuu, Kamsa and Inga), and, to a lesser extent, with the Huichol of Mexico. North-American Amerindians are more differentiated and clearly separated from all other tribes, except the Xavante, from Brazil, and the Mapuche, from Argentina. A restricted pool of ancestral haplotypes may explain the low diversity observed among most present-day Brazilian and Colombian Amerindian groups, while interethnic admixture could be the most important factor to explain the high number of haplotypes and high levels of diversity observed in some South-American and most North-American tribes

Genetical-demographic data from two amazonian populations composed of descendants of african slaves: Pacoval and Curiau

The Amazon region of Brazil includes communities founded by escaped slaves, some of which still remain relatively isolated. We studied two such Afro-Brazilian communities (Pacoval and Curiau), in the rural area of Alenquer, Pará, and in the metropolitan region of Macapá, Amapá, respectively. Among 12 blood loci, alleles considered as markers of African ancestry, such as HBB*S, HBB*C, TF*D1, HP*2M, ABO*B, RH*D-, and CA2*2 were found at frequencies that are expected for populations with a predominantly African origin. Estimates of interethnic admixture indicated that the degree of the African component in Curiau (74 per cent) is higher than that of Pacoval (44 per cent); an Amerindian contribution was not detected in Curiau. Estimated values of African ancestry fit well with the degree of isolation and mobility of the communities. Pacoval exhibited a high proportion of immigrants among the parents and grandparents of the individuals studied, whereas persons living in Curiau exhibited a low level of mobility, despite its location in the metropolitan area of Macapá city, suggesting a relatively strong barrier against the interethnic admixture in this population. In addition, analysis of genetic data in a sub-sample consisting of individuals whose parents and grandparents were born in the study site, and that probably represents the populations two generations ago, indicated that gene flow from non-black people is not a recent event in both populations.

Origin of the hemoglobin S gene in a northern Brazilian population: the combined effects of slave trade and internal migrations

Com o objetivo de investigar a origem da mutaçäo ßS na populaçäo da regiäo norte do Brasil, foram analisados polimorfismos de DNA no complexo de genes ß da hemoglobina em 30 pacientes com anemia falciforme na populaçäo de Belém, a capital do Estado do Pará. Sessenta e sete por cento dos cromossomos ßS analisados apresentaram o haplótipo Bantu, 30 por cento o haplótipo Benin e 3 por cento o haplótipo Senegal. A origem da mutaçäo ßS na populaçäo de Belém, estimada de acordo com a distribuiçäo de haplótipos, näo está de acordo com a esperada com base em dados históricos sobre o tráfico de escravos para a regiäo norte, os quais indicam uma reduzida contribuçäo de escravos na regiäo do Benin. Essas diferenças podem ser atribuídas ao tráfico interno de escravos, bem como ao posterior fluxo de populaçöes imigrantes, particularmente de nordestinos. A distribuiçäo de haplótipos em Belém näo difere significativamente da observada em outras regiöes brasileiras, muito embora os dados históricos sugiram que a maioria dos escravos procedentes da regiäo do Atlântico-Oeste africano, onde predomina o haplótipo Senegal, foi trazida para o norte do Brasil, enquanto que o nordeste (Bahia, Pernambuco e Maranhäo) recebeu o maior contingente de escravos oriundos da regiäo centro-oeste africana, onde o haplótipo Benin é o mais comum. Nós sugerimos que as diferenças regionais quanto à procedência dos escravos africanos também foram modificadas pelo tráfico de escravos estabelecido entre as diferentes regiöes brasileiras e posteriormente pelos movimentos migratórios.

Migration and ethnic change in an admixed population from the Amazon region (Santarém, Pará)

Dados genéticos e demográficos da populaçäo de Santarém, PA, foram analisados. Oitenta e dois por cento dos indivíduos estudados nasceram no Estado do Pará e 11,7 por cento dos imigrantes nasceram na regiäo Nordeste do Brasil. A análise da migraçäo individual média, distância marital média, distância genitor-prole e índice de exogamia identificou uma elevada mobilidade populacional. Alelos característicos dos três principais grupos étnicos foram encontrados, como BCHE*A (caucasóides) ALB*Maku (indígenas) e HBB*S e HBB*C (negros). As proporçöes de ancestralidade negra, índia e branca foram estimadas em 28 por cento, 35 por cento e 37 por cento, respectivamente. Condiderando-se o local de nascimento dos avós, a presença de uma subpopulaçäo pôde ser observada (nativos de Santarém). As proporçöes de ancestralidade negra e índia foram de 11 por cento e 52 por cento respectivamente, significantemente diferentes da amostra total. A estratégia usada, portanto, mostrou-se eficiente para a caracterizaçäo dos fatores responsáveis pela estrutura genético-demográfica desta populaçäo.

Genetic structure and demography of the human population of Obidos, in the brazilian Amazon

Foram estudados parâmetros demográficos e 13 sistemas genéticos em uma amostra de 250 indivíduos da populaçäo tri-híbrida de Obidos, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os índices de dispersäo indicaram uma baixa mobilidade da populaçäo; 80 por cento dos indivíduos estudados nasceram em Obidos, e 88 por cento dos imigrantes nasceram no Estado do Pará. A distribuiçäo de fenótipos apresenta algumas diferenças quando comparada com as descritas para outras populaçöes amazônicas (Oriximiná, Parintins, Coari, Belém e Manaus). A heterozigosidade média foi estimada em 0,200 (E.P. 0,055), o número médio de alelos em 2,000 (E.P. 0,260), e a percentagem de locos polimórficos em 84,6 por cento. Em termos de mistura racial (38 por cento de brancos, 52 por cento de índios e 10 por cento de negros). Obidos apresenta valores mais similares aos obtidos para a populaçäo de Parintins, Estado do Amazonas, com reduzida contribuiçäo negróide e elevada contribuiçäo indígena